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Pod izrazom tiskanje razumemo spremembo naravnih brazgotin živalske kože s pomočjo pritiskanja ali valjanja novega vzorca brazgotin.
Tisk je lahko na celotni površini živalske kože, lahko pa tudi na samo določenih delih, odtisnemo posamezne motive.
Odisi se delajo s pomočjo preše, valjev in tiskov.
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Dobro maščeno usnje se ne skrči tako hitro kot slabo maščeno usnje. Način strojenja usnja tudi vpliva na občutljivost do krčenja. Tradicionalno rastlinsko strojeno usnje se prične krčiti pri 70 stopinjah.. To zveni kot zelo visoka temperatura, katera pa se zelo hitro preseže v primeru, da se kabriolet črnimi mokrimi usnjenimi sedeži za sušenje postavi na pripekajoče sonce. Usnje se takrat dobesedno skuha. Moderni načini strojenja s kromom, prestavijo mejo krčenja usnja precej navzgor in sicer od 90 pa vse do 110 stopinj, preden opazimo spremembe. Poptebno pa je povedati, da se krom strojeno usnje sicer prične kasneje krčiti , kot rastlinsko strojeno usnje a takrat z večjo intenzivnostjo. Sintetično strojeno usnje se prične krčiti sicer že pri 75 stopinjah a ne tako intenzivno kot pri krom usnje. Tudi vlažnost usnja vpliva na mejno temperaturo pri kateri se usnje začen krčiti. Suho usnje je bolj neobčutljivo kot vlaćno usnje. Ker pa usnje vpija vlago iz okolja, je ta dejavnik potrebno upoštevati, še posebej pri kritični uporabi.
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Tiskarski valj v tovarni usnja
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Tiskarske plošče: grobe brazgotine, brazgotina svinjskega usnja, poljubne brazgotine
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Odtisni modeli so rezkani. VOLVO-Logo na umetnem usnju
Zaradi daljšega trajanja odtisa s hidravlično likalno tiskalnico , je odtis brazgotine na usnju veliko intezivnejši v primerjavi valjčno tiskalnico. Zaradi tega se za odtiske dela skoraj izključno na likalnih tiskalnicah. Moč odtiska je odvisna od temperature, pritiska in trajanja. V primeru, da je odtis premočen, postane usnje zaradi zgostitve strukture vlaken trše. Vlakna postanejo trša, če ima usnje višjo vsebnost vlage.
Valji ali odtisni žigi so dragi, zato se posamezni motivi punzirajo. Vedno bolj pa je pogosta metoda z laserjem.
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V dekorativne namene potiskano pohištveno goveje usnje
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Potiskano jagnje usnje za oblačila
V filmu prikazan reliefni stroj znamke Posenanski (www.ledermanufaktur.com) lahko odtisne motive do maksimalno 20 x 20 cm. Odtisni žig (Klischee) teh mer stane ca 250 EUR, pri merah 10 x 10 pa ca. 150 EUR. Serijski žigi se izdelujejo iz mesinga. Mesing je zelo obstojen in konture so zelo čiste. Odtisni žigi za enkratno oz. manjkratno uporabo pa se običajno delajo iz magnezija Einzelstempel werden aus preiswerterem Magnesium gefertigt. Takšen žig zdrži med 20 in 50 odtisi. Motivi oz. Klischees se stružijo ali jedkajo. Za predlogo se danes uporabljajo vsi občajni podatkovni formati za tekste in slike. Izdelava Klischeeja traja par dni.
Tiska se s pritiskom približno 300 kg in pri temperaturi med 40 in 90 stopinjami. Usnje se ne navlaži, saj se lahko na vročini poškoduje. Trajanje procesa je odvisno od moči usnja in traja med 2 in 30 sekundami. Načeloma se lahko vse vrsta usnja potiskajo. Način potiskave je potrebno prilagoditi vrsti usnja. Tudi obstojenost odtiskov je odvisna od načina obdelave. Višji kot je pritisk in temperatura in bolj kot je usnje vlažno bolj je trajna je sprememba oblika vlaken. A seveda so tudi pri temperaturi in pritisku zgornje meje.
Razlikujemo tako imenovano slepo tiskanje in barvno tiskanje. Pri slepem tisku se Klischee segreje in brez barvne folije stisne v material, pri barvnem tisku se med pečat in usnje vstavi še barvna folija. Izbor različnih barv folije je zelo velik.
Slepi tisk se uporablja predvsem pri golem usnju (Blank usnje), barvni tisk pa predvsem pri pigmentiranem gladkem usnju.
Vzroki za tisk usnje: usnje z motivi
Velikokrat se usnje potiska, da se doseže določen izgled. Tiskajo se vzorci, slike, brazgotine drugih živali (krokodili noji) da se dobi moderen izgled. Pri oblačilih je to običajno jagnje usnje in pri pohištvu goveje usnje. Celo strokovnajki ne morejo takšnega usnje brez preiskav ločiti od originala.
Poslikava, perforiranje, Puniciranje, pisanje, tiskanje in laserska obelava usnja
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Antično usnje, mapa z 1920 lepimi reliefnimi odtisi
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Pri močnih odtiskih na mehkem usnju, se to na zadnji strani stabilizira s slikonskim polnilom, da se odtis s sprednje strani ne pritisne navznote
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Izdelovalci torbic radi odtisnejo logo podjetij v usnje.
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Zelo eksotično: Goveje usnje z izredno močnim odtiskom in kovinskim učinkom.
Vzroki za tisk usnja: popravek brazgotin
Dodaten vzrok za potiskavo usnja so poškodbe brazgotin, ki ne omogočajo nadaljne obdelave. Usnje se v tem primeru po celotni površini zbrusi, popravi in nato odtisne. Govorimo tudi o ˝popravljeni brazgotini˝ oziroma “corrected grain”.
Kmet za svoje krave in govedo v klavnici ne dobi več denarja tudi če je koža brez napake. Velikokrat pa je koža živali zaradi poškodb in bolezni slabše kvalitete. Da se skrijejo piki žuželk, poškodbe in bolezni se goveje kože običajno potiskajo z enotno brazgotino.
S tem se zmanjša odpad usnja, saj ima celotna površina usnje enakomerno brazgotino in se s tem lahko vsi kosi uporabijo za pohištveno garnituro ali avtomobilsko oblazinjenje. Manjše napake in nepravilnosti se tako izravnajo in jih ni več potrebno izrezati.
Naravna brazgotina
Naravna brazgotina ni enaka na vseh predelih kože. Na sredini ima usnje bolj fine brazgotine, na robovih pa bolj gorbe brazgotine. Pri razrezu usnja za pohištvo ali avtomobilske sedeže stranke zahtevajo enakomerno brazgotino. Zaradi enakomernega odtiska tega pri razrezu ni več potrebno upoštevati. Uporabna površina usnja je tako večja in stroški proizvodnje so nižje.
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Ista koža:fina brazgotina – prehod – groba brazgotina
Nepotiskano usnje
Tudi število kož, ki se lahko uporabijo vpliva na stroške proizvodnje. Kože, ki zaradi napak, ne pridejo v poštev za obdelavo kot polno brazgotinasto, se lahko uporabijo kot potiskano usnje. Samo približno 10 – 20% kož, ki pridejo iz klavnice je dobre oz. zelo dobre kvalitete. Potiskava usnje ne zmanjšuje kvalitete usnja, razen v primeru, ko z odtiski prekrite poškodbe skrajšajo življensko dobo usnja.
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Nepotiskano usnje – lasne pore so dobro vidne (kliknite za povečavo)
Potiskano in brušeno usnje – popravljena brazgotina
Za pripravo usnja za tiskanje, se usnje na strani brazgotine rahlo zbrusi. S tem se dobi enotna površina. Nato se nanese vezivna barva ter odtisne enakomerna brazgotina. Takšno usnje se imenuje “Corrected Grain”, “Popravljena brazgotina” oz. kot jim pravijo strokovnjaki “brušenec” . Takšno usnje je cenejše, daje plastičen občutek in je hladno.
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Potiskano in brušeno usnje – lasne pore so zbrušene in nato potiskane
Potiskano usnje brez brušenja
Da preprečijo, da bi se slabša koža močno zbrusila in nato potiskala, avtomobilska industrija ne dovoli predhodne brušenja na brazgotinasti strani. Tako se lahko zagotovi, da se ne podtakne slabega usnja.
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Potiskano, a nebrušeno usnje – lasne pore so dobro vidne
Slika 1:Avtomobilsko usnje BMW odtisek Montana – Slika 2: Močno potiskano pohištveno usnje – Slika 3: BMW z odtisom “Picasso”
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